Web Survey Bibliography
One of the most promising features of web surveys is the possibility of embedding certain interviewer – like behaviors in self-administered questionnaires. We have been investigating one such behavior – giving feedback to respondents whose answers were unreasonably fast (“You seem to have responded very quickly. Please be sure you have given the question sufficient thought to provide an accurate answer.”). We conducted a web survey experiment in which 2463 opt-in respondents answered six questions about quantities (e.g., “Overall, how many overnight trips have you taken in the PAST 2 YEARS?”). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions defined by whether and when they received feedback: the first time they gave a fast response, every time, or never. This feedback slowed response times (and presumably improved the quality of answers) for respondents that could receive the feedback relative to respondents that could not. However these benefits were evident for only certain respondents. After one or two prompts, some participants slowed down; but participants who were prompted three or more times never slowed down. The positive impact of the feedback transferred to another type of respondent short-cut: in three grid questions (options as columns, statements as rows), respondents prompted once or twice on the earlier questions were less likely to “straight-line” (i.e., select answers mostly in the same column) than participants prompted more often. Work currently underway tests the duration of this transfer effect. In general, the interactive character of the web may allow designers to increase data quality while reducing cost.
Web Survey Bibliography - Conrad, F. G. (70)
- The Design of Grids in Web Surveys; 2013; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Zhang, C.
- The Science of Web Surveys; 2013; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Up Means Good: The Impact of Screen Position on Evaluative Ratings in Web Surveys.; 2013; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Disfluencies and Gaze Aversion in Unreliable Responses to Survey Questions; 2012; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G., Dijkstra, W., Ongena, Y. P.
- Database Lookup in Web Surveys; 2012; Couper, M. P., Zhang, C., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Further research on the design of complex grids; 2011; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.Conrad, F. G., Zhang, C.
- Interactive carrots and sticks to improve data quality; 2011; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Zhang, C.
- Interactive interventions in web surveys can increase response accuracy.; 2011; Conrad, F. G.
- Race-of-Virtual-Interviewer Effects; 2011; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Nielsen, D.
- Which Web Survey Respondents Are Most Likely to Click for Clarification?; 2011; Coiner, T., Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Should I Stay or Should I go: The Effects of Progress Feedback, Promised Task Duration, and Length of...; 2011; Yan, T., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P.
- Designing Input Fields for Non-Narrative Open-Ended Responses in Web Surveys; 2011; Couper, M. P., Kennedy, C., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Professional Web Respondents and Data Quality; 2010; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Zhang, C.
- Increasing Respondents' Use of Definitions in Web Surveys; 2010; Peytchev, A., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.
- The impact of progress indicators on task completion ; 2010; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
- Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys Can Increase Respondent Conscientiousness; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Kennedy, C.
- Envisioning the Survey Interview of the Future ; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- Experimenting With Speech Interactive Voice Response, Touchtone Data Entry and the Web for the National...; 2009; Cantor, D., Brick, P. D., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive feedback can improve accuracy of responses in web surveys; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Response Order and Response Distributions: The Format of the Response Options in a Web Survey; 2009; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Balter, O.
- Improving the Design of Complex Matrix Questions; 2009; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive aspects of web surveys; 2009; Conrad, F. G.
- Eye-Tracking Data: New Insights on Response Order Effects and Other Cognitive Shortcuts in Survey Responding...; 2009; Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., P.;Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Classifying Open Occupation Descriptions in the Current Population Survey; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Social Cues Can Affect Answers to Threatening Questions in Virtual Interviews; 2008; Lind, L. H., Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Virtual Interviews on Mundane, Non-Sensitive Topics: Dialog Capability Affects Response Accuracy More...; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Jans, M., Orlowski, R. A., Nielsen, D.
- The Impact of the Spacing of the Scale Options in a Web Survey; 2008; Kennedy, C., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Redline, C. D.
- Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys Can Improve Data Quality; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., P., Kennedy, C.Couper, M. P.
- Risk of Disclosure, Perceptions of Risk, and Concerns about Privacy and Confidentiality as Factors in...; 2008; Couper, M. P.; Singer, E.; ; Conrad, F. G.; Groves, R. M.
- Surveys interviews and new communication technologies; 2007; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive Features of Web Surveys; 2007; Conrad, F. G.
- The Impact of the Visible: The Design of Web Surveys; 2007; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Color, Labels, and Interpretive Heuristics for Response Scales; 2007; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Using Change to Improve Navigation in Grid Questions ; 2007; Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Dialogue Capability and Perceptual Realism in Survey Interviewing Agents; 2007; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Minimizing Respondent Effort increases Use of Definitions in Web Surveys; 2007; Peytchev, A., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.
- Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Effects of Progress Indicators, Promised Duration, and Questinnaire...; 2007; Yan, T., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P.
- Bringing features of human dialogue to web surveys; 2007; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Coiner, T.
- Use and Non-use of Clarification Features in Web Surveys; 2006; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
- Color, Labels, and Interpretive Heuristics for Response Scales; 2006; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Visual Analog Scales: A Web Experiment; 2006; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Singer, E.
- Interactive Feedback Can Improve the Quality of Responses in Web Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Promoting Uniform Question Understanding in Today's and Tomorrow's Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- Visual Context Effects in Web Surveys; 2005; Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Interactive Feedback Can Improve Quality of Responses in Web Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Usability, Comparability And Data Quality Across Modes And Technologies In Census Data Collection; 2004; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Spacing, Position, and Order: Interpretive Heuristics for Visual Features of Survey Questions; 2004; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Evaluating the Effects of Visual Analog Scales: A Web Experiment; 2004; Singer, E., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Use of Don't Know and No Opinion Responses in Web Surveys; 2004; Tourangeau, R., Baker, R. P., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Effectiveness of Progress Indicators in Web Surveys; 2004; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
