Web Survey Bibliography
Semantic differentials are used to assess different dimensions of a single construct. In contrast to unrelated items – where it is advantageous to present each item on a single screen to minimize anchoring and contrast effects – all dimensions are presented on a single (Web) page. Due to the relatively small number of categories in comparison to the number of items, it can be quite burdensome for the respondent to judge all dimensions that are presented. In a Web experiment we replaced categorical scales by visual analogue scales (VAS) created with http://vasgenerator.net. VAS are continuous graphical rating scales. The obvious advantage over discrete scales is that – as each pixel can be clicked and corresponds to a possible value – very fine graduations can be measured. An additional advantage of VAS is that data can be recoded to a rank order, as the probability of getting the same value is quite small. On two Web pages we presented 26 semantic differentials, 13 on each page. In a between subjects design we modified the scale type used in the semantic differential: either 5 categories or a VAS with 250 possible values. In addition to the usual indicators of data quality (item nonresponse, breakoffs) we examined the variance of each given answer and the correlation between all dimensions. Thanks to computerized assessment of data, we were also able to record the response time and the number of clicks needed to answer the questions. From these data we were able to infer how often judgements were modified.
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Web Survey Bibliography - Funke, F. (36)
- Slide to ruin data: How slider scales may negatively affect data quality and what to do about it; 2013; Funke, F.
- HTML5 and mobile Web surveys: A Web experiment on new input types; 2013; Funke, F.
- Break-off and attrition in the GIP amongst technologically experienced and inexperienced participants...; 2013; Blom, A. G., Bossert, D., Clark, V., Funke, F., Gebhard, F., Holthausen, A., Krieger, U., Wachenfeld...
- Nonresponse and Nonresponse Bias in a Probability-Based Internet Panel; 2013; Blom, A. G., Bossert, D., Funke, F., Gebhard, F., Holthausen, A., Krieger, U.
- Enhancing Web Surveys With New HTML5 Input Types; 2012; Funke, F.
- Mobile Survey Participation Rates in Commercial Market Research: A Meta-Analysis; 2012; Bosnjak, M., Poggio, T., Becker, K. R., Funke, F., Wachenfeld, A., Fischer, B.
- High potential for mobile Web surveys: Findings from a survey representative for German Internet users...; 2012; Funke, F., Wachenfeld, A.
- Better low-tech than sorry: How technophile questionnaires may affect psychological representativeness...; 2012; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Why semantic differentials in Web-based research should be made from visual analogue scales and not...; 2012; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Web-based rating scales: HTML 5 and other innovations; 2011; Funke, F.
- Ignoring the compatibility of online questionnaires may bias the psychological composition of your sample...; 2011; Funke, F.
- Slider Scales Causing Serious Problems With Less Educated Respondents; 2011; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Explaining more variance with visual analogue scales: A Web experiment; 2011; Funke, F.
- Sliders for the Smart: Type of Rating Scale on the Web Interacts With Educational Level; 2011; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Internet-Based Measurement With Visual Analogue Scales: An Experimental Investigation; 2010; Funke, F.
- Twisting rating scales in Web surveys: Slider scales versus categorical scales of horizontal versus...; 2009; Funke, F. Reips, U. -D. Thomas, R. K.
- Semantic differentials made from visual analogue scales: Expanding the survey designer's menu; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Making small effects observable: Reducing error by using visual analogue scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Increasing Confidence in Survey Estimates with Visual Analogue Scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Twisting Rating Scales: Horizontal versus Vertical Visual Analogue Scales versus Categorical Scales...; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Yes, VASs can! Increasing the accuracy of survey measurements with computerized visual analogue scales...; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Response Formats in Cross-cultural Comparisons in Web-based Surveys; 2009; Thomas, R. K.l, Terhanian, G., Funke, F.
- Results from 6 Independent Web Experiments Comparing Visual Analogue Scales with Categorical Scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Formatting Error with Visual Analogue Scales in Web Surveys; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Assessing Semantic Differentials with Visual Analogue Scales in Web Surveys; 2008; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Visual Analogue Scales in Cross Cultural Web Surveys ; 2008; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Interval-level measurement with visual analogue scales in Internet-based research: VAS generator; 2008; Reips, U. -D., Funke, F.,
- Visual Analogue Scales Versus Categorical Scales: Respondent Burden, Cognitive Depth, and Data Quality...; 2008; Funke, F.,Reips, U. -D.
- Improving Data Quality in Web Surveys with Visual Analogue Scales; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Using Audio and Video Clips in Web Surveys — Feasibility and Impact on Data Quality; 2007; Fuchs, M., Funke, F.
- Video Web Surveys: Results from field-experimental comparisons with text-based Web surveys; 2007; Fuchs, M., Funke, F.
- Improving Data Quality in Web Surveys with Visual Analogue Scales; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- VASgenerator.net - A Web-Based Tool for Creating Visual Analogue Scales ; 2007; Reips, U. -D., Funke, F.
- Dynamic Forms: Online Surveys 2.0 ; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Visual Analogue Scales: Non-linear Data Categorization by Transformation with Reduced Extremes; 2006; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Visual analogue scales in online surveys; 2005; Funke, F.