Web Survey Bibliography
Semantic differentials are used to assess different dimensions of a single construct. In contrast to unrelated items – where it is advantageous to present each item on a single screen to minimize anchoring and contrast effects – all dimensions are presented on a single (Web) page. Due to the relatively small number of categories in comparison to the number of items, it can be quite burdensome for the respondent to judge all dimensions that are presented. In a Web experiment we replaced categorical scales by visual analogue scales (VAS) created with http://vasgenerator.net. VAS are continuous graphical rating scales. The obvious advantage over discrete scales is that – as each pixel can be clicked and corresponds to a possible value – very fine graduations can be measured. An additional advantage of VAS is that data can be recoded to a rank order, as the probability of getting the same value is quite small. On two Web pages we presented 26 semantic differentials, 13 on each page. In a between subjects design we modified the scale type used in the semantic differential: either 5 categories or a VAS with 250 possible values. In addition to the usual indicators of data quality (item nonresponse, breakoffs) we examined the variance of each given answer and the correlation between all dimensions. Thanks to computerized assessment of data, we were also able to record the response time and the number of clicks needed to answer the questions. From these data we were able to infer how often judgements were modified.
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Web Survey Bibliography - Reips, U. -D. (90)
- Comparison of psychometric properties of internet versions of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability...; 2013; Vesteinsdottir, V., Reips, U. -D., Joinson, A. N., Porsdottir, F.
- True experimental data collection on the Internet; 2013; Reips, U. -D., Krantz, J. H.
- Askito: An open source Web questionnaire tool; 2013; Reips, U. -D., Heilmann, T.
- Studying Migrants with the Help of the Internet: Methods from Psychology; 2012; Reips, U. -D., Buffardi, L.
- Psychometric properties of an internet administered version of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability...; 2012; Vesteinsdottir, V., Reips, U. -D., Joinson, A. N., Porsdottir, F.
- WEBDATANET: A Network on Web-based Data Collection, Methodological Challenges, Solutions and Implementation...; 2012; Steinmetz, S., Kaczmirek, L., de Pedraza, P., Reips, U. -D., Tijdens, K., Lozar Manfreda, K., et, al...
- Better low-tech than sorry: How technophile questionnaires may affect psychological representativeness...; 2012; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Why semantic differentials in Web-based research should be made from visual analogue scales and not...; 2012; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Using the Internet to collect data; 2012; Reips, U. -D.
- Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk for the recruitment of participants in Internet-based research; 2011; Reips, U. -D., Buffardi, L., Kuhlmann, T.
- Slider Scales Causing Serious Problems With Less Educated Respondents; 2011; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Dropout in Web-based studies: Methodology; 2011; Reips, U. -D.
- Sliders for the Smart: Type of Rating Scale on the Web Interacts With Educational Level; 2011; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Advice in Surveying the General Public Over the Internet; 2010; Dillman, D. A., Reips, U. -D., Matzat, U.
- Design and formatting in Internet-based research; 2010; Reips, U. -D.
- What are participants doing while filling in an online questionnaire: A paradata collection tool and...; 2010; Stieger, S., Reips, U. -D.
- Internet experiments: methods, guidelines, metadata; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Twisting rating scales in Web surveys: Slider scales versus categorical scales of horizontal versus...; 2009; Funke, F. Reips, U. -D. Thomas, R. K.
- Semantic differentials made from visual analogue scales: Expanding the survey designer's menu; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Making small effects observable: Reducing error by using visual analogue scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Increasing Confidence in Survey Estimates with Visual Analogue Scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Twisting Rating Scales: Horizontal versus Vertical Visual Analogue Scales versus Categorical Scales...; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Yes, VASs can! Increasing the accuracy of survey measurements with computerized visual analogue scales...; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- True Web experiments; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Results from 6 Independent Web Experiments Comparing Visual Analogue Scales with Categorical Scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Does the seriousness check really sieve out datasets with bad data quality?; 2009; Stieger, S., Reips, U. -D.
- Investigating the High Hurdle Technique; 2009; Frauendorfer, D., Reips, U. -D.
- The impact of privacy concerns on data collection; 2009; Reips, U. -D., Joinson, A. N., Buchanan, T., Schofield Paine, C.
- GPCP: A German Version of the Scale for Online Privacy Concern and Protection for Use on the Internet...; 2009; Oostlander, J., Reips, U. -D., Buchanan, T.
- Formatting Error with Visual Analogue Scales in Web Surveys; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Internet questionnaires in e-health contexts: Non-response to sensitive items; 2009; Reips, U. -D., Buchanan, T., Joinson, A. N., Paine, C.
- Reaction times in Internet-based versus laboratory research: Potential problems and a solution; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Collecting data in surfer's paradise: Internet-mediated research yesterday, now, and tomorrow; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- A decade of Internet-based data collection: Time is ripe for combining e-learning with i-science; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Experimentation within surveys; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Investigating causal relationships with power: Online experiments; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Internet-basierte Messung sozialer Erwünschtheit: Theoretische Grundlagen und experimentelle Untersuchung...; 2008; Kaufmann, E., Reips, U. -D.
- Assessing Semantic Differentials with Visual Analogue Scales in Web Surveys; 2008; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Visual Analogue Scales in Cross Cultural Web Surveys ; 2008; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Interval-level measurement with visual analogue scales in Internet-based research: VAS generator; 2008; Reips, U. -D., Funke, F.,
- Visual Analogue Scales Versus Categorical Scales: Respondent Burden, Cognitive Depth, and Data Quality...; 2008; Funke, F.,Reips, U. -D.
- Measuring self-disclosure online: Blurring and non-response to sensitive items in web-based surveys; 2008; Joinson, A. N., Paine, C., Buchanan, T., Reips, U. -D.
- Privacy, Trust and Self-Disclosure to Web-Based Surveys; 2007; Joinson, A. N., Paine, C., Buchanan, T., Reips, U. -D.
- Response time measurement in the lab and on the Web: A comparison; 2007; Galesic, M., Reips, U. -D., Kaczmirek, L., Czienskowski, U., Liske, N., von Oertzen , T.
- Improving Data Quality in Web Surveys with Visual Analogue Scales; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Experiments on non- response in internet- based research; 2007; Reips, U. -D.
- Improving Data Quality in Web Surveys with Visual Analogue Scales; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- VASgenerator.net - A Web-Based Tool for Creating Visual Analogue Scales ; 2007; Reips, U. -D., Funke, F.
- Dynamic Forms: Online Surveys 2.0 ; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Forced response in online surveys: bias from reactance and an increase in sex-specific dropout; 2007; Stieger, S., Reips, U. -D., Voracek, M.
