Web Survey Bibliography
From the researcher’s point of view visual analogue scales (VASs)—in the studies realized as plain horizontal lines with verbal anchors on either end—offer a number of advantages over traditionally used categorical scales. In this presentation we bring together the findings from 6 independent Web experiments, conducted between 2004 and 2008. Dependent variables were lurking, dropout, item nonresponse and response times. Additionally, we assessed the seriousness of respondents’ participation.
The average length of the VASs we used in our studies ranged between 250 and 400 pixels. As every pixel in length corresponds to a raw value the communication and detection of very fine graduations is possible. Data approximate the desired level of an interval scale (Reips & Funke, 2008). Researchers thus have more opportunities to analyze data than with categorical scales.
But do respondents share the positive attitude towards VASs? Do researchers ask too much of respondents when confronting them with VASs? A number of researches could show that response times with VASs were considerably higher than with categorical scales (e.g. Couper, Tourangeau, Conrad, & Singer, 2006). In our studies we replicated this finding, but found substantially smaller differences. Nevertheless, VASs have a statistically significant effect on response times even though the effect size is very low.
We examined other indicators for respondents’ ability to cope with VASs: The share of break-offs, lurkers and the extent of item nonresponse. Regarding the number of data points we report mixed findings. On the one hand we observed few break-offs with VASs. On the other hand, we recognized a higher share of item nonresponse with some studies. Overall, we have more analyzable data with VASs. Our research suggests VASs lend themselves for assessing data in closed-ended self-administered Web questionnaires.
Conference homepage (abstract)
Web Survey Bibliography - Funke, F. (36)
- Slide to ruin data: How slider scales may negatively affect data quality and what to do about it; 2013; Funke, F.
- HTML5 and mobile Web surveys: A Web experiment on new input types; 2013; Funke, F.
- Break-off and attrition in the GIP amongst technologically experienced and inexperienced participants...; 2013; Blom, A. G., Bossert, D., Clark, V., Funke, F., Gebhard, F., Holthausen, A., Krieger, U., Wachenfeld...
- Nonresponse and Nonresponse Bias in a Probability-Based Internet Panel; 2013; Blom, A. G., Bossert, D., Funke, F., Gebhard, F., Holthausen, A., Krieger, U.
- Enhancing Web Surveys With New HTML5 Input Types; 2012; Funke, F.
- Mobile Survey Participation Rates in Commercial Market Research: A Meta-Analysis; 2012; Bosnjak, M., Poggio, T., Becker, K. R., Funke, F., Wachenfeld, A., Fischer, B.
- High potential for mobile Web surveys: Findings from a survey representative for German Internet users...; 2012; Funke, F., Wachenfeld, A.
- Better low-tech than sorry: How technophile questionnaires may affect psychological representativeness...; 2012; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Why semantic differentials in Web-based research should be made from visual analogue scales and not...; 2012; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Web-based rating scales: HTML 5 and other innovations; 2011; Funke, F.
- Ignoring the compatibility of online questionnaires may bias the psychological composition of your sample...; 2011; Funke, F.
- Slider Scales Causing Serious Problems With Less Educated Respondents; 2011; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Explaining more variance with visual analogue scales: A Web experiment; 2011; Funke, F.
- Sliders for the Smart: Type of Rating Scale on the Web Interacts With Educational Level; 2011; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Internet-Based Measurement With Visual Analogue Scales: An Experimental Investigation; 2010; Funke, F.
- Twisting rating scales in Web surveys: Slider scales versus categorical scales of horizontal versus...; 2009; Funke, F. Reips, U. -D. Thomas, R. K.
- Semantic differentials made from visual analogue scales: Expanding the survey designer's menu; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Making small effects observable: Reducing error by using visual analogue scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Increasing Confidence in Survey Estimates with Visual Analogue Scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Twisting Rating Scales: Horizontal versus Vertical Visual Analogue Scales versus Categorical Scales...; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Yes, VASs can! Increasing the accuracy of survey measurements with computerized visual analogue scales...; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Response Formats in Cross-cultural Comparisons in Web-based Surveys; 2009; Thomas, R. K.l, Terhanian, G., Funke, F.
- Results from 6 Independent Web Experiments Comparing Visual Analogue Scales with Categorical Scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Formatting Error with Visual Analogue Scales in Web Surveys; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Assessing Semantic Differentials with Visual Analogue Scales in Web Surveys; 2008; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Visual Analogue Scales in Cross Cultural Web Surveys ; 2008; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Interval-level measurement with visual analogue scales in Internet-based research: VAS generator; 2008; Reips, U. -D., Funke, F.,
- Visual Analogue Scales Versus Categorical Scales: Respondent Burden, Cognitive Depth, and Data Quality...; 2008; Funke, F.,Reips, U. -D.
- Improving Data Quality in Web Surveys with Visual Analogue Scales; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Using Audio and Video Clips in Web Surveys — Feasibility and Impact on Data Quality; 2007; Fuchs, M., Funke, F.
- Video Web Surveys: Results from field-experimental comparisons with text-based Web surveys; 2007; Fuchs, M., Funke, F.
- Improving Data Quality in Web Surveys with Visual Analogue Scales; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- VASgenerator.net - A Web-Based Tool for Creating Visual Analogue Scales ; 2007; Reips, U. -D., Funke, F.
- Dynamic Forms: Online Surveys 2.0 ; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Visual Analogue Scales: Non-linear Data Categorization by Transformation with Reduced Extremes; 2006; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Visual analogue scales in online surveys; 2005; Funke, F.