Web Survey Bibliography
From the researcher’s point of view visual analogue scales (VASs)—in the studies realized as plain horizontal lines with verbal anchors on either end—offer a number of advantages over traditionally used categorical scales. In this presentation we bring together the findings from 6 independent Web experiments, conducted between 2004 and 2008. Dependent variables were lurking, dropout, item nonresponse and response times. Additionally, we assessed the seriousness of respondents’ participation.
The average length of the VASs we used in our studies ranged between 250 and 400 pixels. As every pixel in length corresponds to a raw value the communication and detection of very fine graduations is possible. Data approximate the desired level of an interval scale (Reips & Funke, 2008). Researchers thus have more opportunities to analyze data than with categorical scales.
But do respondents share the positive attitude towards VASs? Do researchers ask too much of respondents when confronting them with VASs? A number of researches could show that response times with VASs were considerably higher than with categorical scales (e.g. Couper, Tourangeau, Conrad, & Singer, 2006). In our studies we replicated this finding, but found substantially smaller differences. Nevertheless, VASs have a statistically significant effect on response times even though the effect size is very low.
We examined other indicators for respondents’ ability to cope with VASs: The share of break-offs, lurkers and the extent of item nonresponse. Regarding the number of data points we report mixed findings. On the one hand we observed few break-offs with VASs. On the other hand, we recognized a higher share of item nonresponse with some studies. Overall, we have more analyzable data with VASs. Our research suggests VASs lend themselves for assessing data in closed-ended self-administered Web questionnaires.
Conference homepage (abstract)
Web Survey Bibliography - Reips, U. -D. (90)
- Comparison of psychometric properties of internet versions of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability...; 2013; Vesteinsdottir, V., Reips, U. -D., Joinson, A. N., Porsdottir, F.
- True experimental data collection on the Internet; 2013; Reips, U. -D., Krantz, J. H.
- Askito: An open source Web questionnaire tool; 2013; Reips, U. -D., Heilmann, T.
- Studying Migrants with the Help of the Internet: Methods from Psychology; 2012; Reips, U. -D., Buffardi, L.
- Psychometric properties of an internet administered version of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability...; 2012; Vesteinsdottir, V., Reips, U. -D., Joinson, A. N., Porsdottir, F.
- WEBDATANET: A Network on Web-based Data Collection, Methodological Challenges, Solutions and Implementation...; 2012; Steinmetz, S., Kaczmirek, L., de Pedraza, P., Reips, U. -D., Tijdens, K., Lozar Manfreda, K., et, al...
- Better low-tech than sorry: How technophile questionnaires may affect psychological representativeness...; 2012; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Why semantic differentials in Web-based research should be made from visual analogue scales and not...; 2012; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Using the Internet to collect data; 2012; Reips, U. -D.
- Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk for the recruitment of participants in Internet-based research; 2011; Reips, U. -D., Buffardi, L., Kuhlmann, T.
- Slider Scales Causing Serious Problems With Less Educated Respondents; 2011; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Dropout in Web-based studies: Methodology; 2011; Reips, U. -D.
- Sliders for the Smart: Type of Rating Scale on the Web Interacts With Educational Level; 2011; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Advice in Surveying the General Public Over the Internet; 2010; Dillman, D. A., Reips, U. -D., Matzat, U.
- Design and formatting in Internet-based research; 2010; Reips, U. -D.
- What are participants doing while filling in an online questionnaire: A paradata collection tool and...; 2010; Stieger, S., Reips, U. -D.
- Internet experiments: methods, guidelines, metadata; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Twisting rating scales in Web surveys: Slider scales versus categorical scales of horizontal versus...; 2009; Funke, F. Reips, U. -D. Thomas, R. K.
- Semantic differentials made from visual analogue scales: Expanding the survey designer's menu; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Making small effects observable: Reducing error by using visual analogue scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Increasing Confidence in Survey Estimates with Visual Analogue Scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Twisting Rating Scales: Horizontal versus Vertical Visual Analogue Scales versus Categorical Scales...; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Yes, VASs can! Increasing the accuracy of survey measurements with computerized visual analogue scales...; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- True Web experiments; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Results from 6 Independent Web Experiments Comparing Visual Analogue Scales with Categorical Scales; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Does the seriousness check really sieve out datasets with bad data quality?; 2009; Stieger, S., Reips, U. -D.
- Investigating the High Hurdle Technique; 2009; Frauendorfer, D., Reips, U. -D.
- The impact of privacy concerns on data collection; 2009; Reips, U. -D., Joinson, A. N., Buchanan, T., Schofield Paine, C.
- GPCP: A German Version of the Scale for Online Privacy Concern and Protection for Use on the Internet...; 2009; Oostlander, J., Reips, U. -D., Buchanan, T.
- Formatting Error with Visual Analogue Scales in Web Surveys; 2009; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Internet questionnaires in e-health contexts: Non-response to sensitive items; 2009; Reips, U. -D., Buchanan, T., Joinson, A. N., Paine, C.
- Reaction times in Internet-based versus laboratory research: Potential problems and a solution; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Collecting data in surfer's paradise: Internet-mediated research yesterday, now, and tomorrow; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- A decade of Internet-based data collection: Time is ripe for combining e-learning with i-science; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Experimentation within surveys; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Investigating causal relationships with power: Online experiments; 2009; Reips, U. -D.
- Internet-basierte Messung sozialer Erwünschtheit: Theoretische Grundlagen und experimentelle Untersuchung...; 2008; Kaufmann, E., Reips, U. -D.
- Assessing Semantic Differentials with Visual Analogue Scales in Web Surveys; 2008; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Visual Analogue Scales in Cross Cultural Web Surveys ; 2008; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D., Thomas, R. K.
- Interval-level measurement with visual analogue scales in Internet-based research: VAS generator; 2008; Reips, U. -D., Funke, F.,
- Visual Analogue Scales Versus Categorical Scales: Respondent Burden, Cognitive Depth, and Data Quality...; 2008; Funke, F.,Reips, U. -D.
- Measuring self-disclosure online: Blurring and non-response to sensitive items in web-based surveys; 2008; Joinson, A. N., Paine, C., Buchanan, T., Reips, U. -D.
- Privacy, Trust and Self-Disclosure to Web-Based Surveys; 2007; Joinson, A. N., Paine, C., Buchanan, T., Reips, U. -D.
- Response time measurement in the lab and on the Web: A comparison; 2007; Galesic, M., Reips, U. -D., Kaczmirek, L., Czienskowski, U., Liske, N., von Oertzen , T.
- Improving Data Quality in Web Surveys with Visual Analogue Scales; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Experiments on non- response in internet- based research; 2007; Reips, U. -D.
- Improving Data Quality in Web Surveys with Visual Analogue Scales; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- VASgenerator.net - A Web-Based Tool for Creating Visual Analogue Scales ; 2007; Reips, U. -D., Funke, F.
- Dynamic Forms: Online Surveys 2.0 ; 2007; Funke, F., Reips, U. -D.
- Forced response in online surveys: bias from reactance and an increase in sex-specific dropout; 2007; Stieger, S., Reips, U. -D., Voracek, M.
