Web Survey Bibliography
There is concern that professional respondents, motivated more by monetary incentives than the opportunity to provide thoughtful answers, may compromise data quality in on-line surveys. The worry is that such respondents primarily take actions on the “critical path” toward their monetary goal even though valid answers may require additional, “off-path” actions. Our main questions are whether professional respondents are quicker to find the critical path and adhere to it more closely than "non-professionals." We explored this in a web survey in which 2404 volunteer respondents answered two constant-sum questions, i.e., multi-part items whose answers must add to 100% (fourteen internet use categories) or 24 hours (eleven daily activities). Respondents could not advance unless their answers were well-formed (i.e., equal to the target sum). About one third of the respondents could click for a running tally to facilitate well-formedness, placing this action on the critical path. We considered respondents who belonged to more than 3 volunteer panels to be professional (58% had completed more than 30 web surveys). This distinction mattered. Professionals were more likely than non-professionals to request a tally for the first item but the quality of both groups’ responses benefited from the tally: more non-zero, non-missing answers and fewer rounded responses with than without the tally. However, by the second item, professional respondents seemed to learn that providing valid answers was not on the critical path. While professionals again requested the tally more often, the tally only improved the quality of answers for nonprofessionals: more non-zero, non-missing answers and less time spent on “other” activities with than without the tally; professionals’ answers showed no such improvement from the tally. The results suggest that professional respondents are more likely to provide well-formed than valid answers because validity is not on the critical path.
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Web Survey Bibliography - Conrad, F. G. (70)
- The Design of Grids in Web Surveys; 2013; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Zhang, C.
- The Science of Web Surveys; 2013; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Up Means Good: The Impact of Screen Position on Evaluative Ratings in Web Surveys.; 2013; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Disfluencies and Gaze Aversion in Unreliable Responses to Survey Questions; 2012; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G., Dijkstra, W., Ongena, Y. P.
- Database Lookup in Web Surveys; 2012; Couper, M. P., Zhang, C., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Further research on the design of complex grids; 2011; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.Conrad, F. G., Zhang, C.
- Interactive carrots and sticks to improve data quality; 2011; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Zhang, C.
- Interactive interventions in web surveys can increase response accuracy.; 2011; Conrad, F. G.
- Race-of-Virtual-Interviewer Effects; 2011; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Nielsen, D.
- Which Web Survey Respondents Are Most Likely to Click for Clarification?; 2011; Coiner, T., Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Should I Stay or Should I go: The Effects of Progress Feedback, Promised Task Duration, and Length of...; 2011; Yan, T., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P.
- Designing Input Fields for Non-Narrative Open-Ended Responses in Web Surveys; 2011; Couper, M. P., Kennedy, C., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Professional Web Respondents and Data Quality; 2010; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Zhang, C.
- Increasing Respondents' Use of Definitions in Web Surveys; 2010; Peytchev, A., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.
- The impact of progress indicators on task completion ; 2010; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
- Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys Can Increase Respondent Conscientiousness; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Kennedy, C.
- Envisioning the Survey Interview of the Future ; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- Experimenting With Speech Interactive Voice Response, Touchtone Data Entry and the Web for the National...; 2009; Cantor, D., Brick, P. D., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive feedback can improve accuracy of responses in web surveys; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Response Order and Response Distributions: The Format of the Response Options in a Web Survey; 2009; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Balter, O.
- Improving the Design of Complex Matrix Questions; 2009; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive aspects of web surveys; 2009; Conrad, F. G.
- Eye-Tracking Data: New Insights on Response Order Effects and Other Cognitive Shortcuts in Survey Responding...; 2009; Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., P.;Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Classifying Open Occupation Descriptions in the Current Population Survey; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Social Cues Can Affect Answers to Threatening Questions in Virtual Interviews; 2008; Lind, L. H., Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Virtual Interviews on Mundane, Non-Sensitive Topics: Dialog Capability Affects Response Accuracy More...; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Jans, M., Orlowski, R. A., Nielsen, D.
- The Impact of the Spacing of the Scale Options in a Web Survey; 2008; Kennedy, C., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Redline, C. D.
- Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys Can Improve Data Quality; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., P., Kennedy, C.Couper, M. P.
- Risk of Disclosure, Perceptions of Risk, and Concerns about Privacy and Confidentiality as Factors in...; 2008; Couper, M. P.; Singer, E.; ; Conrad, F. G.; Groves, R. M.
- Surveys interviews and new communication technologies; 2007; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive Features of Web Surveys; 2007; Conrad, F. G.
- The Impact of the Visible: The Design of Web Surveys; 2007; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Color, Labels, and Interpretive Heuristics for Response Scales; 2007; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Using Change to Improve Navigation in Grid Questions ; 2007; Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Dialogue Capability and Perceptual Realism in Survey Interviewing Agents; 2007; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Minimizing Respondent Effort increases Use of Definitions in Web Surveys; 2007; Peytchev, A., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.
- Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Effects of Progress Indicators, Promised Duration, and Questinnaire...; 2007; Yan, T., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P.
- Bringing features of human dialogue to web surveys; 2007; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Coiner, T.
- Use and Non-use of Clarification Features in Web Surveys; 2006; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
- Color, Labels, and Interpretive Heuristics for Response Scales; 2006; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Visual Analog Scales: A Web Experiment; 2006; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Singer, E.
- Interactive Feedback Can Improve the Quality of Responses in Web Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Promoting Uniform Question Understanding in Today's and Tomorrow's Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- Visual Context Effects in Web Surveys; 2005; Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Interactive Feedback Can Improve Quality of Responses in Web Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Usability, Comparability And Data Quality Across Modes And Technologies In Census Data Collection; 2004; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Spacing, Position, and Order: Interpretive Heuristics for Visual Features of Survey Questions; 2004; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Evaluating the Effects of Visual Analog Scales: A Web Experiment; 2004; Singer, E., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Use of Don't Know and No Opinion Responses in Web Surveys; 2004; Tourangeau, R., Baker, R. P., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Effectiveness of Progress Indicators in Web Surveys; 2004; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
