Web Survey Bibliography
This paper presents results suggesting that respondents use the position of the item on screen as a cue in evaluating the item. People may expect positive things to be higher up on the screen than bad things. We dub this expectation the ―Up means good‖ heuristic. We tested this notion in a series of experiments embedded in four web surveys. The first and third experiments testing this heuristic show that respondents are faster to answer when the positive end of the scale is at the top than when the negative end is; the first experiment also shows that the order of the scale points makes no difference when the scale points are arrayed horizontally. The second, third, and fourth experiments shows that items are rated more favorably when they are positioned near the top of the screen than when they appear lower down on the screen. These experiments vary in how they manipulated the position of the items on screen. Taken together, the studies present further evidence that respondents may rely on incidental visual cues in making judgments as they complete web surveys. Many survey judgments are known to be context-sensitive. The screen position may also be a contextual variable for evaluative judgments in web surveys.
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Web Survey Bibliography - Conrad, F. G. (70)
- The Design of Grids in Web Surveys; 2013; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Zhang, C.
- The Science of Web Surveys; 2013; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Up Means Good: The Impact of Screen Position on Evaluative Ratings in Web Surveys.; 2013; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Disfluencies and Gaze Aversion in Unreliable Responses to Survey Questions; 2012; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G., Dijkstra, W., Ongena, Y. P.
- Database Lookup in Web Surveys; 2012; Couper, M. P., Zhang, C., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Further research on the design of complex grids; 2011; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.Conrad, F. G., Zhang, C.
- Interactive carrots and sticks to improve data quality; 2011; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Zhang, C.
- Interactive interventions in web surveys can increase response accuracy.; 2011; Conrad, F. G.
- Race-of-Virtual-Interviewer Effects; 2011; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Nielsen, D.
- Which Web Survey Respondents Are Most Likely to Click for Clarification?; 2011; Coiner, T., Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Should I Stay or Should I go: The Effects of Progress Feedback, Promised Task Duration, and Length of...; 2011; Yan, T., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P.
- Designing Input Fields for Non-Narrative Open-Ended Responses in Web Surveys; 2011; Couper, M. P., Kennedy, C., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Professional Web Respondents and Data Quality; 2010; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Zhang, C.
- Increasing Respondents' Use of Definitions in Web Surveys; 2010; Peytchev, A., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.
- The impact of progress indicators on task completion ; 2010; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
- Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys Can Increase Respondent Conscientiousness; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Kennedy, C.
- Envisioning the Survey Interview of the Future ; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- Experimenting With Speech Interactive Voice Response, Touchtone Data Entry and the Web for the National...; 2009; Cantor, D., Brick, P. D., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive feedback can improve accuracy of responses in web surveys; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Response Order and Response Distributions: The Format of the Response Options in a Web Survey; 2009; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Balter, O.
- Improving the Design of Complex Matrix Questions; 2009; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive aspects of web surveys; 2009; Conrad, F. G.
- Eye-Tracking Data: New Insights on Response Order Effects and Other Cognitive Shortcuts in Survey Responding...; 2009; Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., P.;Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Classifying Open Occupation Descriptions in the Current Population Survey; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Social Cues Can Affect Answers to Threatening Questions in Virtual Interviews; 2008; Lind, L. H., Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Virtual Interviews on Mundane, Non-Sensitive Topics: Dialog Capability Affects Response Accuracy More...; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Jans, M., Orlowski, R. A., Nielsen, D.
- The Impact of the Spacing of the Scale Options in a Web Survey; 2008; Kennedy, C., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Redline, C. D.
- Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys Can Improve Data Quality; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., P., Kennedy, C.Couper, M. P.
- Risk of Disclosure, Perceptions of Risk, and Concerns about Privacy and Confidentiality as Factors in...; 2008; Couper, M. P.; Singer, E.; ; Conrad, F. G.; Groves, R. M.
- Surveys interviews and new communication technologies; 2007; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive Features of Web Surveys; 2007; Conrad, F. G.
- The Impact of the Visible: The Design of Web Surveys; 2007; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Color, Labels, and Interpretive Heuristics for Response Scales; 2007; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Using Change to Improve Navigation in Grid Questions ; 2007; Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Dialogue Capability and Perceptual Realism in Survey Interviewing Agents; 2007; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Minimizing Respondent Effort increases Use of Definitions in Web Surveys; 2007; Peytchev, A., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.
- Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Effects of Progress Indicators, Promised Duration, and Questinnaire...; 2007; Yan, T., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P.
- Bringing features of human dialogue to web surveys; 2007; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Coiner, T.
- Use and Non-use of Clarification Features in Web Surveys; 2006; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
- Color, Labels, and Interpretive Heuristics for Response Scales; 2006; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Visual Analog Scales: A Web Experiment; 2006; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Singer, E.
- Interactive Feedback Can Improve the Quality of Responses in Web Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Promoting Uniform Question Understanding in Today's and Tomorrow's Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- Visual Context Effects in Web Surveys; 2005; Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Interactive Feedback Can Improve Quality of Responses in Web Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Usability, Comparability And Data Quality Across Modes And Technologies In Census Data Collection; 2004; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Spacing, Position, and Order: Interpretive Heuristics for Visual Features of Survey Questions; 2004; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Evaluating the Effects of Visual Analog Scales: A Web Experiment; 2004; Singer, E., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Use of Don't Know and No Opinion Responses in Web Surveys; 2004; Tourangeau, R., Baker, R. P., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Effectiveness of Progress Indicators in Web Surveys; 2004; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
