Web Survey Bibliography
The impact of visual features of questions on survey responses may be more marked in web surveys than in self-administered paper questionnaires, since web surveys often include richer visual material. Existing research on web surveys shows that respondents in web surveys may use visual cues to help interpret the questions or answer options. For example, respondents may make inferences about the conceptual range covered by a response option based on its height or width. Options that take up more space on the screen may be seen as representing a broader conceptual range than those encompassing less space. As a result, we predicted that respondents would be more likely to select a response option when it appears wider on the screen. We tested this prediction in an experiment embedded in a web survey. The experiment presented the response options for a set of questions either vertically or horizontally; in addition, the response options were spaced evenly, with gaps between two of the options, or with one of the options presented on multiple lines — that is, some response options took up more space on the screen than others. This presentation presents the findings from the results from this experiment as well as the results from five similar web experiments that examined the effects of height, width, and spacing on responses in web surveys. In addition, practical guidance on the design of response scales in Web surveys based on the results from these surveys will be provided.
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Web Survey Bibliography - The American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) 66th Annual Conference, 2011 (58)
- Up Means Good: The Impact of Screen Position on Evaluative Ratings in Web Surveys.; 2013; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Exploring Health-related Experiences and Access to Care: Differences between Online and Telephone Survey...; 2011; Doty, M. M., Peugh, J., Shand-Lubbers, J.
- Using Community Information and Survey Methodology for Bias Reduction to Enhance the Quality of the...; 2011; Harvey, J., Prabhakaran, J., Spera, C., Zhang, Z.
- Data Collection: Sample Members Responses, Influences, and Perception of Data Security.; 2011; Jeannis, M., Terry, T. L., Thomas-Banks, D.
- Usability Issues from Testing a Census Web Survey: Results from Testing of the Census Quality Survey...; 2011; Ashenfelter, K. T., Holland, T., Nichols, E. M., Quach, V.
- Examination of Panel Conditioning Effects in a Web-Based 2007-2008 Election Study.; 2011; Dennis, J. M., Kruse, Y., Tompson, T.
- Mode Differences in a Mixed-Mode ABS Design.; 2011; Bautista, R., Datta, R., Scholfield Hepburn, P., Yan, T.
- Examining Response Rates and Patterns in a Multimode Experiment: A Study of Department Chairs/Heads...; 2011; Foster, K. N., Gaughan, M.
- Increasing (or Decreasing) Response Rate by Changing the Subject of Email Invitations.; 2011; Henderson, V.
- Differential Mailing Methodologies on Response Rates: Testing Advance Notices, Blast Telephone Messages...; 2011; Gentry, R. J., Pens, Y.
- A Comparative Analysis of Voter Misreport in Two Modes of Interviewing: Telephone and Online.; 2011; Winneg, K.
- Response Quantity, Response Quality, and Costs of Building an Online Panel via Social Contacts.; 2011; Toepoel, V.
- More comparisons of Probability and Non-Probability Sample Internet Surveys: The Dutch NOPVO Study.; 2011; Weiss, R., Krosnick, J. A., Yeager, D. S.
- The Use of Web Panels to Characterize Rare Conditions.; 2011; Boyle, J.
- The Influence Of The Direction Of Likert-Type Scales In Web Surveys On Response Behavior In Different...; 2011; Keusch, F.
- Same Family, Different Planet: Comparing the Views of Teens and Parents on Their Relationship and Potential...; 2011; Vaughan, R., Feinstein, E. C., Peugh, J., Shand-Lubbers, J.
- A Stimulus Package for Stubborn Sample Members: Boosting Web Survey Participation through Strategic...; 2011; Franklin, J., Tate, N., Simpson, J., Paoli, N.
- Recruiting and Hiring: The Impacts of Specialized Skill Sets.; 2011; Jeannis, M., Lopez, C.
- Category Selection Probing in Online Access Panels.; 2011; Behr, D., Kaczmirek, L., Braun, M., Bandilla, W.
- Cleaving the Past Behind: A Comparison of Response Formats in the Measurement of Ethnic and Racial Origins...; 2011; Barlas, F. M., Thomas, R. K., Higgins, W. B.
- An Injured Party?: A Comparison of Political Party Response Formats in Party Identification.; 2011; Schwarz, S., Barlas, F. M., Thomas, R. K., Corso, R. A., Szoc, R.
- Asking Sensitive Questions: Do They Affect Participation In Follow-Up Surveys?; 2011; Schaurer, I., Struminskaya, B., Kaczmirek, L., Bandilla, W.
- Results of a Survey Experiment on Frequency Reporting: Religious Service Attendance from the 2010 ANES...; 2011; Debell, M., Figueroa, L.
- Exploring Visual Design Effects In Web Survey Questions. An Experimental Study Using Animated Answer...; 2011; Emde, M., Fuchs, M.
- Designing Questions for Web Surveys: Effects of Check-List, Check-All, and Stand-Alone Response Formats...; 2011; Dykema, J., Schaeffer, N. C., Beach, J., Lein, V., Day, B.
- Effects of Cue Lists and Question Format on Survey Response.; 2011; Lee, L., Krishnamurty, P., Bautista, R.
- How the Order of Response Options in a Running Tally Can Affect Online Survey Estimates.; 2011; Callegaro, M., DiSogra, C., Wells, T.
- Comparing Response Propensities between a Web Mail Multi-Mode Survey and a Mail Survey.; 2011; Suzer-Gurtekin, Z., Elkasabi, M.
- Who Follows The Rules? Within Household-Selection Procedures In Web And Mail Surveys Of The General...; 2011; Olsson, K., Smyth, J., Stange, M., Walton, L.
- An Investigation of the Impact of Stylistic Features on Web Survey Responses.; 2011; Medway, R., Tourangeau, R.
- Visual Design and Usability of Filter and Follow-up Questions in a Web Survey.; 2011; Ramirez, C. M.
- Investigating The Impact Of Scale Height, Width, And Spacing On Responses In Web Surveys.; 2011; Sun, H.
- Display Matters: A Test of Visual Display Options in a Web-Based Survey.; 2011; Romano Bergstrom, J. C., Chen, J. M., Gilbert, T. R., Jans, M.
- Measuring and Stimulating Respondent Attentiveness in Web Surveys.; 2011; Berinsky, A., Luks, S., Rivers, D.
- Are you who you say you are? Using a Multisource Cross-validation Methodology for Panel Membership Information...; 2011; Rao, K., Dolson, T., Kinnucan, M.
- Differential Sampling Based on Historical Individual-Level Data in Online Panels.; 2011; Kelly, R. H.
- Costs Error Optimization for Cell-Landline Dual Frame Surveys.; 2011; Slavec, A.; Vehovar, V.
- Web Survey Live Validations - What Are They Doing?; 2011; Crawford, S. D.; McClain, C.
- Comparing Numeric and Text Open-End Responses in Mail and Web Surveys.; 2011; Olson, K.; Smyth, J.
- Effects of Response Formats when Measuring Attitudes in Consumer Web Surveys Across Markets.; 2011; Couper, M. P.; Nunge, E.
- How Can We Believe What They Say? The Role of Missing and Validating Data in Panelists; 2011; Rao, K.
- Re-Examining the Validity of Different Survey Modes for Measuring Public Opinion in the U.S.: Findings...; 2011; Ansolabehere, S.; Fraga, B.; Schaffner, B. F.
- How to Survey All 14 000 Swedish Local Political Representatives And Get 10 000 Responses.; 2011; Gilljam, M.; Granberg, D.; Holm, B.; Persson, M.
- Driving Respondents to the Web: Experimental Trial of Benefit Appeals and Impacts on Survey Completion...; 2011; Moore, D.
- Measuring User Satisfaction in the Lab: Questionnaire Mode, Physical Location, and Social Presence Concerns...; 2011; Jans, M., Romano, J. C., Ashenfelter, K. T., Krosnick, J. A.
- Minimizing Item Nonresponse in a School-based Web Survey of High School Students.; 2011; Burns, L., Dever, J.
- Interactive interventions in web surveys can increase response accuracy.; 2011; Conrad, F. G.
- Impact on Data Quality of Making Incentives Salient in Web Survey Invitations.; 2011; Zhang, C.
- Effects of Mode and Incentives on Response Rates, Costs, and Response Quality in a Mixed Mode Survey...; 2011; Stevenson, J., Dykema, J., Kniss, C., Black, P., Moberg, P.
- Effects of Differential Incentives on Response Rates in Four Countries for a Web-based Follow Up Survey...; 2011; McSpurren, K.
