Web Survey Bibliography
With the increasing use of the Web in mixed mode surveys, especially those conducted by the Census and other federal statistical agencies, it has become more urgent than ever to develop methods to enhance online measurement quality. This dissertation research (including three studies) focuses on respondent satisficing as a source of online measurement errors, and interactive intervention to reduce satisficing behaviors. The first study evaluates speeding (or very fast responding) as an indicator by investigating how it is associated with another well-known satisficing behavior – non-differentiation in grid questions. The second and third studies examine intervention design in Web surveys to curtail respondent satisficing. Specifically, the second study examines whether intervention for different satisficing behaviors could produce different effects on overall response quality. The third study explores whether intervention in Web surveys can induce the feeling of interacting with a human agent. Study 1 shows that respondents who speed more often tend to straightline on more grid questions, suggesting that the tendency to speed is indeed related to satisficing. The results of Study 2 demonstrate that intervention in a survey can have a broad impact of improving respondents’ reporting effort, which is not restricted to the satisficing behavior it targets nor the type of survey questions where it occurs. The different intervention designs in Study 3 did not yield consistent differences in respondent behaviors. However, the intervention conditions, regardless of the design, produced more reports of socially desirable answers compared to the no-intervention condition. This pair of observations – that intervention can help increase respondent effort (Study 2) but also make respondents less willing to disclose undesirable information (Study 3) – seem to converge on one explanation on how intervention works. That is, the interactive feedback about respondents’ behaviors may increase their sense of social presence as they complete the online questionnaire. As a result, this may motivate respondents to present themselves in a more positive light as a respondent (by working harder on the survey) as well as a person (by not reporting undesirable information about themselves).
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Web survey bibliography - Zhang, C. (16)
- Reducing speeding in web surveys by providing immediate feedback; 2017; Conrad, F.; Tourangeau, R.; Couper, M. P.; Zhang, C.
- Respondent mode choice in a smartphone survey ; 2017; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Antoun, C., Yan, H. Y., Hupp, A., Johnston, M., Ehlen, P., Vickers, L...
- Helping respondents provide good answers in Web surveys; 2016; Couper, M. P.; Zhang, C.
- Comparisons of Online Recruitment Strategies for Convenience Samples: Craigslist, Google AdWords, Facebook...; 2016; Antoun, C., Zhang, C., Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- A Review of Issues in Gamified Surveys; 2015; Keusch, F.; Zhang, Che.
- Speeding in Web Surveys: The tendency to answer very fast and its association with straightlining; 2013; Conrad, F. G.; Zhang, Che.
- Satisficing in Web Surveys: Implications for Data Quality and Strategies for Reduction; 2013; Zhang, Che.
- Speeding and Non-Differentiation in Web Surveys: Evidence of Correlation and Strategies for Reduction...; 2013; Zhang, Che.
- Evaluating Interactive Feedback in Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (CASI); 2013; Hudson, M. L., Hupp, A., Zhang, C., Schroeder, H. M.
- Database Lookup in Web Surveys; 2012; Couper, M. P., Zhang, C., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Designing Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys: Humanness, Social Presence and Data Quality; 2012; Zhang, Che.
- Impact on Data Quality of Making Incentives Salient in Web Survey Invitations.; 2011; Zhang, Che.
- Professional Web Respondents and Data Quality; 2010; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Zhang, C.
- Differences Between Internet and Non-Internet Households on Survey Items: Do These Differences Disappear...; 2009; Zhang, C., Callegaro, M., Thomas, M.
- Do we hear different voices?: Investigating the differences between internet and non-internet users...; 2009; Zhang, C., Callegaro, M., Thomas, M., DiSogra, C.
- More than the digital divide?: Investigating the differences between Internet and non-Internet users; 2008; Zhang, C., Callegaro, M., Thomas, M.