Web Survey Bibliography
The aim of the present study was to examine the role of age (respectively cohort) in socially desirable responding (SDR) in online questionnaires. SDR is a potential source of bias in surveys, but there are only very few studies on SDR online. Our study is the first attempt to investigate the age dependency of SDR online - an influence that has been found in offline studies. Our experiment was also designed to investigate how age would interact with the factors anonymity, financial incentives and "product fairness" in its influence on SDR online. To assess SDR, an online version of the Social Desirability Scale-17 (Stöber, 1999, 2001) was employed. 1221 people participated in the survey. From February 2001 to October 2001 the study was linked in the Web Experimental Psychology Lab and on nine other Web sites. The result showed that intensity of SDR increased with age (F (6,755) = 13.042, p < 0.01). This result confirms the previously reported correlation between age and SDR (Stöber, 2001) also for online surveying. SDR-17 online showed a satisfying reliability (Cronbach-Alpha =.71). Implications from the results for online research and online surveying will be discussed. This study builds on a line of research first presented at G.O.R. 01.
Die vorgestellte Untersuchung hatte primär zum Ziel, den Einfluss der sozialen Erwünschtheit in einem Online-Experiment in Abhängigkeit vom Lebensalter beziehungsweise der Kohorte zu untersuchen. Soziale Erwünschtheitstendenzen sind eine mögliche Fehlerquelle für verzerrte Resultate in Befragungen. Es gibt bisher nur wenige Untersuchungen dazu, wie sich soziale Erwünschtheitstendenzen in Online-Untersuchungen auswirken. Die von uns durchgeführte Studie ist unseres Wissens der erste Versuch, die aus der Offline-Forschung bekannte Abhängigkeit dieses Einflusses vom Alter der Befragten online nachzuweisen. Das Untersuchungsdesign war so angelegt, dass auch der Einfluss weiterer Faktoren gemessen werden konnte, die möglicherweise eine Auswirkung auf soziale Erwünschtheitstendenzen haben: Anonymität, Incentives, Produktfairness. Die soziale Erwünschtheit wurde mittels Sozialer Erwünschtheits-Skala-17 (SES-17, Stöber, 1999) gemessen. Es nahmen 1221 Teilnehmer vollständig an der Befragung teil. Diese war vom 1.2.01 bis zum 8.10.01 im Web-Labor für Experimentelle Psychologie und auf neun weiteren Web-Sites verlinkt. Es zeigte sich, dass der Einfluss sozialer Erwünschtheit im Mittel mit dem Alter signifikant steigt (F (6,755) = 13.042, p < 0.01). Dies bestätigt auch den offline erhobenen Zusammenhang von Alter und Sozialer Erwünschtsheitswerte (Stöber, 1999) bei Online-Erhebungen. Mit dieser Untersuchung konnte zusätzlich gezeigt werden, dass der SES-17 auch online ein reliables Messinstrument ist (Cronbach-Alpha: =.71). Konsequenzen dieser Ergebnisse für die Online-Forschung und die Online-Befragungspraxis werden diskutiert. Dieser Beitrag knüpft an Ergebnisse an, die auf der G.O.R. 01 vorgestellt wurden.
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Web survey bibliography - Germany (639)
- Social desirable responding and age on the Internet: older participants in online studies show a higher...; 2002; Reips, U.-D., Stoeber, J., Hahn, A.
- Time Measurement And Pre-testing In On-line-Questionnaires; 2002; Mueller, J., Reimer, M.
- Assessing Internet Questionnaires: The online pretest lab; 2002; Graef, L.
- Understanding the Willingness to Participate in Online-Surveys - The case of E-mail questionnaires; 2002; Bosnjak, M., Batinic, B.
- Psychological Experimenting on the World Wide Web: Investigating content effects in syllogistic reasoning...; 2002; Musch, J., Klauer, K. C.
- Contact Measurement in the WWW; 2002; Werner, A.
- 'Email for candidates' - Experiences with an Email-Survey among running candidates in a state election...; 2002; Faas, T.
- Comparing Web Surveys and Paper & Pencil Surveys: Measurement Error and Mode Differences; 2002; Fuchs, M.
- Paper and Pencil versus Web Survey. Measurement Effects and Mode Differences; 2002; Fuchs, M.
- Ethische Dimensionen der Online-Forschung; 2001; Dzeyk, W.
- Standards for Quality Assurance for Online Surveys; 2001
- Ethical issues in qualitative research on internet communities; 2001; Eysenbach, G., Till, E. J.
- Knowledge acquisition, navigation and eye movements from text and hypertext; 2001; Naumann, A., Waniek, J., Krems, J. F.
- Platform-dependent biases in Online Research: Do Mac users really think different?; 2001; Buchanan, T., Reips, U.-D.
- Classifying Response Behaviors in Web-based Surveys; 2001; Bosnjak, M., Tuten, T. L.
- Understanding Unit-Nonresponse in Web-based Surveys; 2001; Bosnjak, M., Tuten, T. L.
- A step-by-step approach to introducing CAPI: Experiences ot the German socio-economic panel; 2000; von Rosenbladt, B.
- Current Internet science - trends, techniques, results. ; 1999; Reips, U.-D., Batinic, B., Bandilla, W., Bosnjak, M., Graef, L., Moser, K., Werner, A.
- Online-replication of results from evolutionary psychology research – sex differences in sexual...; 1999; Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Gindl, A.
- The Image and Experience of Internet; 1999; Epple, M., Guenoun, R., Schäfer, J., Cantoni, L.
- Online research with children; 1999; Reips, U.-D.
- Participation in Non-Restricted Web-Surveys - A Typology; 1999; Bandilla, W., Bosnjak, M.
- Computer Literacy and Attitudes toward the Computer: On the Equivalence of Online- und Paper-Pencil-...; 1999; Richter, T., Naumann, J., Noller, S.
- The Computer as a Medium for Media Integration. Results and Experiences of an international online and...; 1999; Beck, K., Raulfs, Al.
- Drop-out caused by JavaScript: "I could not have expected this to happen " - A Web experiment...; 1999; Reips, U.-D., Schwarz, S.
- Conjoint analysis of individual preferences over the Internet; 1999; Melles, T., Luzar, M.
- How Do Web Communicators Work?; 1999; Rossler, P., Kloevekorn, N., Rebuzzi, T.
- Conception and Implementation of the Siemens Employee Survey with Continuous Immediate Valuation through...; 1999; Bauer, W., Hauptmann, C.
- Employee-surveys via intranet; 1999; Deutschmann, M.,
- Communicability of Emotions in Computer-mediated Communication; 1999; Hartig, J., Jude, N., Moosbrugger, H.
- Multimedia in professional education within companies - status-quo and development; 1999; Doebler, T., Dold, C., Stark, B.
- Online Research - Acceptability and prevalence; 1999; Spintig, S.
- Online-Offline. A theoretical Approach to define a crucial Category of Online Research; 1999; Berker, T.
- A web-based data collection system for clinical studies using Java; 1998; Sippel, H., Ohmann, C.
- Online - The Future of Newspapers? Germany's Dailies on the World Wide Web; 1998; Neuberger, C., Tonnemacher, J., Biebl, M., Duck, A.
- Getting a foot in the electronic door Understanding why people read or delete electronic mail; 1997; Tuten, T. L.
- Electronic methods of collecting survey data: A review of E-research; 1997; Tuten, T. L.
- Research in 2007: Integration of Web surveys, on-line publishing and multi media communication; 1997; Reips, U.-D.
- The numeric values of rating scales: A comparison of their impact in mail surveys and telephone interviews...; 1994; Schwarz, N., Hippler, H. J.
- Rating scales: Numeric values may change the meaning of scale labels ; 1991; Schwarz, N., Knaeuper, B., Hippler, H.-J., Noelle-Neumann, E., Clark, L.
- Assimilation and contrast effects in part-whole question: A conversational logic analysis; 1991; Schwarz, N., Strack, F., Mai, H. P.