Web Survey Bibliography
Because of its interactive character the web may promote more accurate survey data than do other, more static, modes. One way that interactivity can increase data quality is by providing feedback to respondents about their answers. For example, if questions require that multiple answers add-up to a fixed total, e.g. 24 hours or 100 percent, then inviting respondents to revise answers that do not sum to this figure could increase the number of appropriate sums. We report a study that compares respondents' estimates of percent time spent on each of 10 randomly ordered categories of internet usage when they did and did not receive feedback. 1788 web respondents were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: No feedback, Server-side feedback indicating that the submitted responses did not tally to 100%, and Client-side feedback in which a running tally was incremented as each response was entered prior to submission of all responses. Clientside feedback was also accompanied by a server-side message if necessary. The server-side feedback was displayed once, after which the system accepted all answers. The results show a clear advantage for Client-side feedback. More answers tallied to 100% in the Client-side than Server-side condition with the smallest number in the No Feedback condition, and responses were faster in the Client-side than Server-side condition suggesting that the running tally promoted revision before respondents submitted their answers. Client-side feedback seemed to promote more thoughtful revisions as well: when the Server-side feedback indicated the sum did not equal 100%, respondents who had not been given the running tally changed answers to the first category most often - regardless of what it was - but respondents who were presented the running tally changed answers equally often for all categories. We conclude by discussing the promise of interactive features in general for survey data quality.
Web Survey Bibliography - Conrad, F. G. (70)
- The Design of Grids in Web Surveys; 2013; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Zhang, C.
- The Science of Web Surveys; 2013; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Up Means Good: The Impact of Screen Position on Evaluative Ratings in Web Surveys.; 2013; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Disfluencies and Gaze Aversion in Unreliable Responses to Survey Questions; 2012; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G., Dijkstra, W., Ongena, Y. P.
- Database Lookup in Web Surveys; 2012; Couper, M. P., Zhang, C., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Further research on the design of complex grids; 2011; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.Conrad, F. G., Zhang, C.
- Interactive carrots and sticks to improve data quality; 2011; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Zhang, C.
- Interactive interventions in web surveys can increase response accuracy.; 2011; Conrad, F. G.
- Race-of-Virtual-Interviewer Effects; 2011; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Nielsen, D.
- Which Web Survey Respondents Are Most Likely to Click for Clarification?; 2011; Coiner, T., Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Should I Stay or Should I go: The Effects of Progress Feedback, Promised Task Duration, and Length of...; 2011; Yan, T., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P.
- Designing Input Fields for Non-Narrative Open-Ended Responses in Web Surveys; 2011; Couper, M. P., Kennedy, C., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Professional Web Respondents and Data Quality; 2010; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Zhang, C.
- Increasing Respondents' Use of Definitions in Web Surveys; 2010; Peytchev, A., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.
- The impact of progress indicators on task completion ; 2010; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
- Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys Can Increase Respondent Conscientiousness; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Kennedy, C.
- Envisioning the Survey Interview of the Future ; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- Experimenting With Speech Interactive Voice Response, Touchtone Data Entry and the Web for the National...; 2009; Cantor, D., Brick, P. D., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive feedback can improve accuracy of responses in web surveys; 2009; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Response Order and Response Distributions: The Format of the Response Options in a Web Survey; 2009; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Balter, O.
- Improving the Design of Complex Matrix Questions; 2009; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive aspects of web surveys; 2009; Conrad, F. G.
- Eye-Tracking Data: New Insights on Response Order Effects and Other Cognitive Shortcuts in Survey Responding...; 2009; Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., P.;Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Classifying Open Occupation Descriptions in the Current Population Survey; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Social Cues Can Affect Answers to Threatening Questions in Virtual Interviews; 2008; Lind, L. H., Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Virtual Interviews on Mundane, Non-Sensitive Topics: Dialog Capability Affects Response Accuracy More...; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Jans, M., Orlowski, R. A., Nielsen, D.
- The Impact of the Spacing of the Scale Options in a Web Survey; 2008; Kennedy, C., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Redline, C. D.
- Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys Can Improve Data Quality; 2008; Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., P., Kennedy, C.Couper, M. P.
- Risk of Disclosure, Perceptions of Risk, and Concerns about Privacy and Confidentiality as Factors in...; 2008; Couper, M. P.; Singer, E.; Daver, J. A.; Conrad, F. G.; Groves, R. M.
- Surveys interviews and new communication technologies; 2007; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Interactive Features of Web Surveys; 2007; Conrad, F. G.
- The Impact of the Visible: The Design of Web Surveys; 2007; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Color, Labels, and Interpretive Heuristics for Response Scales; 2007; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Using Change to Improve Navigation in Grid Questions ; 2007; Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Dialogue Capability and Perceptual Realism in Survey Interviewing Agents; 2007; Schober, M. F., Conrad, F. G.
- Minimizing Respondent Effort increases Use of Definitions in Web Surveys; 2007; Peytchev, A., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R.
- Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Effects of Progress Indicators, Promised Duration, and Questinnaire...; 2007; Yan, T., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P.
- Bringing features of human dialogue to web surveys; 2007; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F., Coiner, T.
- Use and Non-use of Clarification Features in Web Surveys; 2006; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
- Color, Labels, and Interpretive Heuristics for Response Scales; 2006; Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Visual Analog Scales: A Web Experiment; 2006; Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Singer, E.
- Interactive Feedback Can Improve the Quality of Responses in Web Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Promoting Uniform Question Understanding in Today's and Tomorrow's Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Schober, M. F.
- Visual Context Effects in Web Surveys; 2005; Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R.
- Interactive Feedback Can Improve Quality of Responses in Web Surveys; 2005; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Galesic, M.
- Usability, Comparability And Data Quality Across Modes And Technologies In Census Data Collection; 2004; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Spacing, Position, and Order: Interpretive Heuristics for Visual Features of Survey Questions; 2004; Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Evaluating the Effects of Visual Analog Scales: A Web Experiment; 2004; Singer, E., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P.
- Use of Don't Know and No Opinion Responses in Web Surveys; 2004; Tourangeau, R., Baker, R. P., Couper, M. P., Conrad, F. G.
- Effectiveness of Progress Indicators in Web Surveys; 2004; Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Peytchev, A.
