Web Survey Bibliography
Question wording has long been known to influence responses. More recently, research has shown that the visual design of a questionnaire also influences responses (Smith 1995; Jenkins & Dillman 1997; Christian & Dillman 2004; Couper et al. 2004). In Smith’s original study, he found evidence that responses to a scalar question were influenced by the Dutch ladder visual aid provided with the question. Another somewhat common practice is to provide smiling and frowning faces in satisfaction scales. The faces are thought to act as a substantive symbolic language, helping respondents understand the meaning of scale points and negotiate through the scale, but we know very little about how respondents use the visual aids or what effect they have on responses. In this paper we use data from an eye tracking web experiment (n=62) conducted in Spring 2011 to examine the differences in respondents’ processing of and responses to satisfaction questions with and without smiley face visual aids. In particular, we look at total time to complete the questions, what parts of the questions respondents looked at, how long they looked at each part, and the order in which they looked at each part to try to better understand how visual aids such as smiley faces affect the processing of survey questions. Preliminary analyses indicate that those who received the smiley faces completed the question faster than those who did not receive the visual aid. Findings will help inform questionnaire design and contribute to the growing literature on how
visual elements affect survey processing and responses.
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Web survey bibliography - The American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) 67th Annual Conference, 2012 (50)
- Design of Web Questionnaires: Matrix Questions or Single Question Formats ; 2012; de Leeuw, E. D., Hox, J., Klausch, L. T., Roberts, A., de Jongh, A.
- Emerging Techniques of Respondent Engagement: Leveraging Game and Social Mechanics for Mobile Application...; 2012; Lai, J. W., Vanno, L.
- A Direct Comparison of Mobile Versus Online Survey Modes; 2012; Wells, T., Bailey, J., Link, M. W.
- The Reliability and Validity of Alternative Customer Satisfaction Measurement Scales in PC Web and Mobile...; 2012; Chrzan, K., Saunders, T.
- Nonresponse and Mode Effects in a Two-wave Randomized Mode Experiment; 2012; Beach, S., Musa, D.
- Question Order Effect: A Web Survey Experiment with Paradata; 2012; Ye, C., Tourangeau, R.
- Professional Respondents in Internet Panels: Who are They and What Do They Do to Our Data?; 2012; de Leeuw, E. D., Matthijsse, S.
- Using Text-to-Speech (TTS) for Audio-CASI; 2012; Couper, M. P., Kirgis, N., Buageila, S., Berglund, P.
- Using SMS Text Messaging To Collect Time Use Data; 2012; Brenner, P., DeLamater, J.
- A Shot in the Dark: Measurement Influence on Likelihood to Vaccination; 2012; Higgins, W. B., Thomas, R. K.
- Response Anchoring and Polarity Effects on Endorsement and Response Patterns; 2012; Higgins, W. B., Thomas, R. K.
- Update Your Status Lately? – Then Why Not Respond to Our Survey!; 2012; Borie-Holtz, D.
- Effects of Technical Difficulties on Item Nonresponse and Response Favorability in a Mixed-Mode Survey...; 2012; Gibson, J. L.
- Using Mixed-Mode Contacts to Facilitate Participation in Public Agency Client Surveys; 2012; Israel, G. D.
- Demonstration of the International Cross-Time, Cross-System Database; 2012; Miller, D.
- Telephone Status, Attitudes toward Participation in Future Surveys, and Willingness to Join a Local...; 2012; Beach, S., Musa, D.
- Where is Neutral? Using Negativity Biases to Interpret Thermometer Scores; 2012; Soroka, S., Albaugh, Q.
- I Got a Feeling: Comparison of Feeling Thermometers with Verbally Labeled Scales in Attitude Measurement...; 2012; Thomas, R. K., Bremer, J.
- Question or Mode Effects in Mixed-Mode surveys: A Cross-cultural study in the Netherlands, Germany,...; 2012; de Leeuw, E. D., Nicolaas, G., Campanelli, P., Hox, J.
- Using Online Panels for National Surveys of Low Incidence Populations: Findings from the CDC Influenza...; 2012; Boyle, J., Ball, S., Ding, H., Srinath, K. P., Euler, G.
- Using Probability-based On-line Samples to Calibrate Non-probability Opt-in Samples; 2012; DiSogra, C., Cobb, C. L., Chan, E., Dennis, J. M.
- Understanding Smartphone Usage to Take Web Surveys: A Cross Country Analysis; 2012; Stapleton, C.
- Scale Orientation, Number of Scale Points and Grids in Mobile Web Surveys; 2012; Chrzan, K., Saunders, T., Jue, A.
- Use of a 2nd Reminder Mailing, Quick Response Code and Optimized Mobile Survey to Increase Response...; 2012; Cantave, M. A., Gentry, R. J.
- The Effect on Differential Mailing Methodologies on Response Rates: Testing Advanced Notices, Package...; 2012; Pens, Y., Gentry, R. J.
- The River Flows: Comparison of Experimental Effect Replicability with Different Sample Sources; 2012; Thomas, R. K.
- Intensifying the Request: Results from an Experiment on Improving Internet Response Rates for Address...; 2012; Messer, B. L., Dillman, D. A.
- The Persistence of Attentiveness in Web Surveys: A Panel Study; 2012; Berinsky, A., Luks, S., Rivers, D.
- Designing Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys: Humanness, Social Presence and Data Quality; 2012; Zhang, Che.
- The Effect of Mode on Participant Responses to Qualitative Research in Virtual Worlds; 2012; Dipko, S., Billington, C., Brick, P. D.
- The Direction of Rating Scales and Its Influence on Response Behavior in Web Surveys; 2012; Keusch, F.
- Mixed-mode design and Mode Effect in Surveying Military Veterans; 2012; Wang, W., Morin, R., Parker, K.
- Assessing Measurement Equivalence and Bias of Questions in Mixed-mode Surveys Under Controlled Sample...; 2012; Klausch, L. T., Hox, J., Schouten, B.
- Maximizing Survey Participation for Retail Customers by Understanding Survey Mode and Incentive Preferences...; 2012; Cardador, J.
- How Likely?: Comparisons of Behavioral Intention Measurement Validity; 2012; Bremer, J., Thomas, R. K.
- Some Thoughts on a Framework for Statistical Inference from Nonprobability Samples; 2012; Santos, R.
- Addressed-Based Sampling - A Better Sample? Exploring the Benefits of Using Addressed-Based Sampling...; 2012; Ellis, J. M., Rexrode, D. L.
- Data Quality from Low Cost Data Collection Methodologies; 2012; Traugott, M. W.
- A Typology and Review of Web Evaluation Strategies; 2012; Wiggins, B., Romano Bergstrom, J. C., Turner, S.
- Drop-Off Point for Undergraduate Students on a Web-based Alcohol and Tobacco Use Questionnaire; 2012; Mitra, A.
- An Examination of the 2010 Census Be Counted Program and Its Effects on Census Coverage and Duplication...; 2012; Jackson, G. I., Wechter, K. M.
- Dual Frame Sample and Mixed Mode Survey Strategy for Improving Coverage Error; 2012; Tarnai, J., Pfingst, L., Solet, D.
- A Demonstration of a Multi-Platform Mobile Survey Application: SurveyPulseTM, by RTI International; 2012; Roe, D. J., Zhang, Yu., Keating, M.
- Turn that Frown Upside-Down: The Effects of Smiley Faces as Symbolic Language in Self-administered Surveys...; 2012; Libman, A., Smyth, J. D.
- To Weight, or Not to Weight, That is the Question: Survey Weights and Multivariate Analysis; 2012; Young, R., Johnson, D. R.
- Investigating the Impact of the Number of Grid Items on Web Survey Responses; 2012; Guo, F., Nunge, E.
- Effects of Progress Indicators on Short Questionnaires; 2012; Sedley, A., Callegaro, M.
- Open-ended Questions in Web Surveys: One Large vs. Ten Small Boxes; 2012; Keusch, F.
- Effects of Pagination on Short Online Surveys; 2012; Sedley, A., Callegaro, M.
- A Systematic Review of Studies Investigating the Quality of Data Obtained with Online Panels; 2012; Callegaro, M., Villar, A., Krosnick, J. A., Yeager, D. S.